Non Western Blog 2

Pierre Bodo
Le Grand Sapeur

2005
Acrylic on canvas
70.87 x 51.18 inches
180 x 130 cm

Pierre Bodo
Le mystère de l’Aquarium

2002
Oil on canvas
50 X 71 5/8 inches
127 X 182 cm

Pierre Bodo
Untitled

2001
Acrylic on canvas
54 3/8 X 75 5/8 inches
138 X 192 cm

Pierre Bodo

Pierre Bodo was born in Mandu, Democratic Republic of Congo, in 1953.  He presently works and lives in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Pierre Bodo is one of the founders and main proponents of the Zaïre School of Popular Painting.  His works strongly portray his belief to create art that could change the path of history.  Bodo paints anything and describes everything that he has seen or experienced in his life.  Pierre Bodo’s works of art became chronicles, pamphlets, manifestos, demands or advice.  He is a very popular painter.  One of the main themes that he painted was called the “Ndoki Zoba” (sorcery).  The point of these paintings was to discourage the practice of sorcery.  Later, in 1980, Bodo converted to Christianity, and he joined the Pentecostal church.  He was one of the most passionate pastors of “world evangelism.”

During the early 1990’s, Bodo enhanced his style significantly so he would be able to express his personal ideas and that they would have more impact.  His goals were to improve life and to share his dreams of a better world.  Later, he worked with strange symbolic or fantasy subject matter from his dreams.  He expresses everything that happens to him throughout his work.  He doesn’t focus on particularly African topics and he addresses himself to the world.  Some of his works River of Delights, Ignorance, or Love, the Source of Life, perfectly show his beliefs and his goals.

The reason why I chose this artist’s work to talk about is because I like the way he uses bright colors and how his pieces of work look so lively.  I like how interesting and weird his subjects look throughout his paintings.  I think his pieces are very creative and draw your eyes to look at them more and wonder what was going through the artist’s mind.

Sources:

CAACART.com. http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Bodo-Pierre&m=38&s=253 (accessed April 29, 2010).

CAACART.com. http://www.caacart.com/pigozzi-artist.php?i=Bodo-Pierre&bio=en&m=38 (accessed April 29, 2010).

Non Western Blog

Steel Drum

Steel drums are also known as steel pans.  They are a musical instrument and a form of music that came from Trinidad and Tobago during the early 20^th century.  Steel drummers are called pannists.  The steel drum is a hammered 55-gallon oil barrel that is tuned by hand to make the perfect musical tones.  They are built using sheet metal that has 0.8 mm and 1.5 mm thickness. Traditionally, they were built from used oil barrels.  The drums used to be shaped like a dome rather than a dish.  There are many different kinds of instruments that make up the family of the steel band instruments.  In the beginning, they consisted of one resonance body only and they were called Around the neck instruments.  Later on, they became chromatic. Steel drums are hit by a pair of sticks that are tipped with rubber.  Some of the musicians use four sticks to hit the drum.   They hold two in each hand.  This instrument is the National Instrument of Trinidad and Tobago.

During the late 1800’s, on the island of Trinidad, under the British Colonial rule, hand drums were used as a neighborhood gang call.  In 1886, to stop the violence, the government outlawed hand drums.  This led to the creation of the Steel Drum.

Steel Drum sticks

After they were outlawed, the Trini musicians started to form bands called Tamboo Bamboo.  Each member would hold a piece of bamboo and pound it on the ground.  Each unique rhythmic signature would represent each neighborhood.  When two bands meet together on a march, they stopped playing and started attacking each other.  The government then decided to outlaw the bamboo bands as well.  Without having drums to play on to make music, the musicians tapped and drummed on milk cans, paint buckets, old car parts, and empty oil barrels.

In the late 1930’s, a musical player named Winston “Spree” Simon was fixing his barrel head after an Iron Band session and he discovered that the dented part on his drum made a fascinating sound.  After discovering this sound, he played with it all night and by the next day, he came up with four different tones.  He was credited for being the first one to create the first tones on a steel drum.

Another musical player during the 1930’s was Ellie Mannette and he was the first person to give the steel pan its mature form.  He was known as the father of the modern steel pan instrument.  During the years, many tuners started to experiment with the drums and in time, large groups of drum players turned into orchestrated bands.

Ellie Mannette

Musical competitions started each year at a carnival and it replaced the street fights.  In 1963, the first Panorama Steel Band Championship was part of the island’s Independence celebration.  There are two contests that are held at Panorama, one is for the best arrangement of a popular song and the other contest shows each of the bands performing an orchestrated classical piece.

The first contest was held in the 1960’s, and for more than a half century, the rivalries between the neighborhood steel bands are continuing to this day.  Instead of fighting in the streets, they battle it out with music.

I picked this object to talk about because one of my favorite instruments is a drum.  I’ve always liked the sound that came from the steel drum and I’ve always wanted to learn more about it.  I like how the music is so upbeat and exciting.

Sources:

Wikipedia.com. “Steel pan”, April 22, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_drum (accessed April 22, 2010).

Wikipedia.com. “Ellie Mannette”, April 1, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Mannette (accessed April 22, 2010).

When Steel Talks. “Concert in honor of Ellie Mannette”, 2008.  http://www.panonthenet.com/news/2008/mar/pan_concert_3-31-08.htm (accessed April 22, 2010).

Toucans.net. “Steel Pan History”, 2010.  https://classes.uaf.edu/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_id=_2_1&url=%2fwebapps%2fblackboard%2fexecute%2flauncher%3ftype%3dCourse%26id%3d_60839_1%26url%3d (accessed April 22, 2010).

Kakesa.com. 2003.  http://kakesa.com/catalog/default.php?cPath=16&sort=2a&page=2 (accessed April 22, 2010).

YouTube Steel Drum links:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-bTMbePj0A&feature=related (Under the Sea: Little Mermaid)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQu5Unc_TNY (Making a Steel Drum)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IAteD9IiLs  (Mario on Steel Drums)

A Contemporary Virtual Exhibit Blog

My idea for a theme for an art exhibit would be called Images That Make You Think and Wonder.

One artist that I would put into this exhibit would be Michael Goldberg.  He was born on December 24, 1924 in Bronx, New York.  Goldberg was an American abstract expressionist painter and was also a teacher that was known for his gesture action, abstraction, and still-life paintings.  At the age of fourteen, he began to take art classes at the Art Students League of New York City.  In the early 1950’s, he began showing his action artwork in group shows in galleries in New York City.  During the 1950’s, he started to study painting.  By the 1970’s and 1980’s, his artwork began to be appreciated by others around him.  Goldberg had a long and successful career as an abstract painter.  Goldberg’s work and others that were painting in the style of the abstract expressionism showed a combination of Western metaphysics and Eastern philosophy.  Throughout his career, he continued to teach others, paint, and show his work.  He died at the age of 83 on December 31, 2007.

Asturiana

Michael Goldberg

Oil stick on canvas

1992

Italian Landscape III

Michael Goldberg

Oil on canvas

2002

Ohne Titel /Untitled

Michael Goldberg

Mixed Media on paper

2002

Another artist that I would pick to put into my exhibit would be Norman Bluhm.  Bluhm was an American painter that was an abstract expressionist and an action painter.  Norman Bluhm was born on March 28, 1921 in Chicago, Illinois.  After his service in World War II, he decided not to continue with his architectural studies.  He studied art at the Academia de Belle Arte in Florence, Italy and also at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris.  In the 1940’s and 1950’s he lived in Paris.  Bluham was married to a woman named Claude Souvrain until 1956.  He then went back to the United States in 1956.  Later he married a woman named Carolyn Ogle in 1961.  They both lived in New York City with their two children, David and Nina until 1969.  In 1970 to 1980, he and his family lived in Millbrook, New York and in 1980 to 1987 they lived in East Hampton, New York.  His family lived in East Wallingford, Vermont until he died on February 3, 1999.

Sooty Lady

Norman Bluhm

Oil on canvas

1978

Guillotine Lady

Norman Bluhm

Oil on canvas

1980

Ode to Apollo

Norman Bluhm

Oil on canvas

1997

All these pieces of art fit in my theme because by looking at them, it makes you think and wonder what the images could be and why the piece was titled that way.  You could also see a story that is being told inside the images.  I thought all these pieces of art were interesting.  The bright colors that were used in all these images are what caught my eye.  I really like all the bold and small line detail throughout all these pieces.  I also like how you can see all the different shapes or subjects in the images as well.  It is interesting how simple the image looks, but they are busy-looking at the same time.

Sources:

Wikipedia.com. “Norman Bluhm”, December 5, 2009.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bluhm (accessed April 16, 2010).

Wikipedia.com. “Michael Goldberg”, December 21, 2009.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Goldberg#Biography (accessed April 16, 2010).

Artnet.com. “Michael Goldberg”, 2010.  http://www.artnet.com/Artists/ArtistHomePage.aspx?artist_id=7124&page_tab=Artworks_for_sale (accessed April 16, 2010).

http://www.normanbluhm.com/images.html (accessed April 16, 2010).

Early Modern Blog

Louis Armstrong

Louis Armstrong described his view of life when he spoke in the introduction to his 1970 recording It’s A Wonderful World. He said, “And all I’m saying is, see what a wonderful world it would be if only we would give it a chance. Love, baby, love. That’s the secret. Yeah.”  Written by Bob Thiele and George David Weiss, It’s a Wonderful World was recorded by Louis Armstrong and released as a single in 1968.  This song was written to calm racial and political tensions in the United States.  It is a song which is hopeful and optimistic in regards to the future.  It talks about babies being born and looking forward to life.

Tony Bennett was offered to record this song at first, but he turned it down.  It was than offered to Louis Armstrong.  Having an African American singer record this song was important because it helped to calm racial tensions, and Armstrong’s unique, deep, scratchy voice made this an attention-grabbing and memorable song.  At first, this song was not very popular in the United States.  In fact, it actually sold less than 1000 copies because the head of ABC Records did not like the song and did not promote it.  It was #116 on the charts.  However, the song was number one in the United Kingdom and the single that sold the most copies in 1968.

Eventually, this song became popular and was released again in America a short time after Louis Armstrong died in 1971.

I really like his music and the way he played because it seems so happy and relaxing.  I feel that somehow the music is telling me a story.  I also like how it’s so different from the music of today’s era.

Song Lyrics:

I see trees of green, red roses too
I see them bloom for me and you
And I think to myself what a wonderful world.

I see skies of blue and clouds of white
The bright blessed day, the dark sacred night
And I think to myself what a wonderful world.

The colors of the rainbow so pretty in the sky
Are also on the faces of people going by
I see friends shaking hands saying how do you do
They’re really saying I love you.

I hear babies crying, I watch them grow
They’ll learn much more than I’ll never know
And I think to myself what a wonderful world
Yes I think to myself what a wonderful world.

Sources:

Wikipedia.  “What a Wonderful World”, April 2, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Wonderful_World (accessed April 5, 2010).

Links to Love.  “What a Wonderful World”.  http://www.links2love.com/love_lyrics_128.htm (accessed April 5, 2010).

Impressionism Blog

I really like the Impressionism style because of how all the bright colors blend together, the sketchy lines, and the loose brush strokes that are used to create a beautiful masterpiece.  I also like the fact of how artists would regularly work outdoors.  As an artist myself, it is peaceful, not stressful, and helps you clear your mind to create creative artwork and to express yourself.

The Impressionist paintings of the 19th century focused on subjects such as the effects of light and weather, the recreation of the middle and upper classes, and enjoyable moments.  Impressionist artists didn’t choose a traditional subject like history, traditional antiquities, and religion.  Impressionist paintings are characterized by rough lines, loose brush strokes, importance on light in its changing character, and dots of bright colors that mix together creating optical realism.  The artists portray a brief moment, a feeling.

One of the artists from this time period that I liked is Edgar Degas.  I really like his art piece, The Dancing Class.  I love how it pictures a certain moment in a dance class and the colors that are being used make it feel how serious the people are about what they are doing throughout painting.  As a dancer, I really appreciate this piece of art.

Edgar Degas (1834–1917)

The Dancing Class
Edgar Degas
Oil on wood
1870

Edgar Degas was called a linear Impressionist.  He was influenced by photography.  Degas had painted many scenes of ballet dancers that were going through their moves in studios and rehearsal rooms of the Paris Opera.  When Degas painted this picture, he used many study drawings of dancers.

The dancer in the center of this painting is Joséphine Gaujelin.  In this painting, Joséphine Gaujelin is waiting for the ballet master to start playing the violin.  In the painting there is a watering can, a top hat that is used as a music holder, and an empty violin case.  These objects are used in other ballet pictures by the same artist.  He uses these objects to liven up his pictures.  The positions of the subjects would reappear throughout his work until he died.

Another artist that I really enjoyed learning about was Pierre-Auguste Renoir.  One of the works that I really liked was called Dance at the Moulin de la Galette.  I really like the colors being used and all the light sources being used throughout this piece.  I feel like I’m actually there outside enjoying life with the people in this painting.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)

The Moulin de la Galette
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Oil on canvas
1876

Pierre-Auguste Renoir used the Impressionism style to paint people of the middle class that were enjoying life and events.  He would paint people at gardens, boating, dancing, at races, and outings.

This painting shows people at a Sunday afternoon at Moulin de la Galette in the district of Montmartre in Paris.  During the late 19th century, the working class would dress themselves up and go dancing, drinking, and eating at events like the one pictured above.

Renoir’s Bal du moulin de la Galette and many other works of art that he painted is a Impressionist photograph of real life.  He shows a strong powerful form, different styles of brush strokes, and a gleaming light throughout his pieces of art.

I really don’t have a preference of a style of art.  I really like both Impressionism and Realism.  I do like the fact that in Impressionism, artists paint a certain moment for a viewer to see what is happening at that time.  In Realism, an artist paint what the world seems and limits the perspective of people around us.  I like paintings that are realistic and show the truth behind it.  I like a painting that expresses ideas and feelings of an artist through the forms of subjects, the movement throughout the painting, the colors that are being used, and the light source that is being used in the painting.

Sources:

Wikipedia. “Bal du moulin de la Galette”, February 21, 2010.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_du_moulin_de_la_Galette  (accessed March 24, 2010).
Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.  “The Dancing Class”, 2000.   http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/29.100.184  (accessed March 24, 2010).

Classical Blog

Ludwig Van Beethoven

(1770-1827)

Moonlight Sonata

1801

Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor “Quasi una fantasia”

Ludwig Van Beethoven was a German composer and pianist.  He was a key figure in the in-between period between the Classical and Romantic eras in Western classical music, and he remains one of the most highly praised and powerful composers of all time. Beethoven’s music includes nine symphonies such as the Eroica Symphony, the Pastoral Symphony, and the great choral Ninth Symphony.  He also wrote piano music, such as the Pathetic, the Pastoral, the Moonlight, the Kreutzer, Waldstein, and the Appassionata sonatas.  He started to lose his hearing in the late 1790s, however, he continued to compose, conduct, and perform, even after becoming deaf.

He completed the Moonlight Sonata in 1801. The rumor is that he dedicated this piece to his pupil, 17-year-old Countess Giulietta Guicciardi, whom Beethoven was in love with.  The name “Moonlight” Sonata comes from an 1832 narrative of the first movement that was written by the music critic Ludwig Rellstab and who compared it to moonlight immaculate upon Lake Lucerne.

The reason why Beethoven included the phrase “Quasi una fantasia” in the title is because the sonata does not follow the usual sonata pattern.  A first movement is in a regular sonata form, and the three or four movements are set in a fast-slow-fast-fast series.  The Moonlight sonata has an end-weighted route.  The climax is not until the third movement.  The difference from traditional sonata form is deliberate.  In his study of this piece of artwork, the German critic Paul Bekker thought that the opening sonata-allegro movement gave the work a specific personality from the beginning and which the following movements could increase but they would not change.  Beethoven did not like this and went against this determinative excellence in the first movement of the piece.  He wanted a prologue, an opening, not a proposal.  By putting the most theatrical form at the end of the art piece, he could enlarge the dramatic intrinsic in the form.

The first movement in the Moonlight Sonata is written in a rough, condensed sonata form.  This movement is played very quietly and the loudest it gets is fairly loud.  The second movement is a moderately conservative moment of virtual calm.  The violent final movement is the weightiest of all three movements.  It reflects a test of his position of the most important movement of the sonata’s last.  The melodic dynamic that dominates the last movement is a piano.  Beethoven’s serious use of sforzando notes, and together with just a few tactically fortissimo passages, creates the intelligence of a very powerful sound in the whole overall dynamic.

During the classical century, music was for the aristocratic patrons and the style was courageous.  The music became less complex than the Baroque style of music.  The music became more a melody driven.  The Homophonic texture was preferred over the polyphonic texture of music.  Because of this, there was a demand from the middle class for music that was available, recognizable, and serious.  Later, composers began to break away from the aristocratic patrons and create music for everyone.  The Moonlight Sonata was very different from any sonata that was ever written, therefore, people would be interested in it because it wasn’t like anything that they had heard before.  It probably was in high demand when it was finished since he was a unique, creative, and powerful composer.

I really liked this piece of artwork because it has a very strong beautiful rhythm to it.  While listening to the movements, you can tell how passionate the sound is.  The music seems so sad that I can see a story while the music is playing.  After listening to the whole piece, I really like how it was different from any other sonata that I have heard before.

The Sheet music:  http://www.all-about-beethoven.com/pdf/beethoven/moonlightsonata.pdf

Sources:

Wikipedia. “Piano Sonata No. 14 (Beethoven)”, February 10, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._14_%28Beethoven%29 (accessed March 3, 2010).

Wikipedia. “Ludwig van Beethoven”, March 4, 2010. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven (accessed March 3, 2010).

Music with Ease. “Pictures of Ludwig van Beethoven”, 2005-2010. http://www.musicwithease.com/beethoven-pictures.html (accessed March 3, 2010).

Baroque Blog

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

The Fountain of Four Rivers

1648-51

Travertine and marble

Piazza Navona, Rome

Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an Italian artist who worked in Rome, Itlay.  He was the primary sculptor of his time and also was a well-known architect.  He also painted, wrote plays, and designed metalwork and stage sets.  As a student of classical sculpture, he had the ability to create, in marble, extremely realistic moments in time.  His talent went beyond the limits of his sculpture to reflection of the setting in which it would be positioned; his skill to be able to produce sculpture, painting and architecture into a logical theoretical and visual whole.  Bernini was a primary figure in the appearance of Roman Baroque architecture.  Bernini’s created many wonderful pieces of artwork, especially his Roman fountains that were both public works and papal monuments.

The Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi or Fountain of the Four Rivers is a fountain in Rome, Italy, that is located in the Piazza Navona.  It was created in 1651 in front of the church of Sant’Agnese in Agone, and it was only yards from the Pamphitj Palace belonging to Innocent X.  It was unveiled to the Roman public on June 12, 1651.  Bernini’s engineering skills are demonstrated in the creation of this fountain.

The four gods on the corners of the fountain have a symbolic significance.  They represent the four major rivers of the world known at the time: the Nile, Danube, Ganges, and Plate.  There are plants and animals by the gods.  The Ganges carries a long oar, which symbolizes that the river can be navigated.  The head of the Nile is covered with a cloth, symbolizing that, at that time, nobody knew where it began.  The Danube is touching the Papal coat of arms, as it is the largest river nearest to Rome.  There is a bunch of coins under the Rio de la Plata, symbolizing that America could offer Europe great wealth.  The Rio de la Plata appears to be frightened by a snake, which represents the fear that the wealthy have that their riches could be stolen.

This fountain was influenced by the Council of Trent.  The goal of the Council was to condemn Protestantism and to define disputed points within the Catholic Church.  Pope Innocent X sponsored the erection of the fountain which symbolizes the influence of the Catholic Church on four continents, and celebrated the success of the Church.

What I found appealing in this art piece was how realistic the figures look.  You can actually see their muscles straining.  This fountain is very detailed and complicated.  It is truly a beautiful piece of work.

Sources:

Wikipedia. “Gian Lorenzo Bernini”, February 22, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianlorenzo_Bernini#Fountains_in_Rome (accessed February 21, 2010).

Wikipedia. “Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi”, February 15, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi (accessed February 21, 2010).

Web Gallery of Art. “Fountain of the Four Rivers”.  http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/b/bernini/gianlore/sculptur/1650/4_rivers.html (accessed February 21, 2010).

Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.  “Gian Lorenzo Bernini”, 2000-2010.   http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bern/hd_bern.htm (accessed February 21, 2010).

Renaissance Blog

Sandro Botticelli

“Birth of Venus”

Sandro Botticelli

c.1482–1486

Tempera on canvas

172.5 cm × 278.5 cm (67.9 in × 109.6 in)

Uffizi, Florence

Botticelli was born to a poor tanner in the backstreets of Florence.  His real name was Alessandro Filipepi and he was brought up by his brother.  His brother was the one who gave him the nickname Botticelli, which means “little barrel”.  Botticelli’s art became the most bright, artistic, and familiar voice of the Florentine Renaissance period.

By the late 1460s, he had made a name for himself with the apprenticeship of Filippo Lippi, a well-known Medici artist.  Botticelli was first spotted by Piero il Gottoso and was presented with his own working space inside the Medici Palace.  He became friends with the heirs to the family, Lorenzo and Giuliano Medici.  Being involved with the most powerful family in Florence was important to his job.  He didn’t need to depend on Lorenzo and Giuliano for work.  He was always kept busy with his artwork.

Sandro Botticelli’s Birth of Venus is one of the most familiar images in the history of artwork.  His work demonstrates the mastery of graceful line and flexible form.  Botticelli used all of his creative skill to create this work of art.  In this painting, Venus, the Classical goddess of love and beauty, is brought to life.

The Birth of Venus represents the goddess’s birth.  In Classical mythology, Venus (Aphrodite) emerged as a full adult on a huge shell that she stands on.  She is standing modestly in the center of the painting.  She is also reasonably covering her nude body with her graceful hands and golden hair.  The soft breeze in the painting, which is showed as the wind god, Zephyrus, lifts the hair of Venus up into the air.  The breeze also causes draperies to flap and many pink rose blossoms drift in the wind.  Venus is also accompanied by the wind god’s female companion, who is recognized as one of the Hours (also known as the Horae, or Seasons, in Greek mythology), who is shown putting her flowered cloak around Venus.

Botticelli took his idea from this part of the myth and added his own creative ideas into the painting.  It was designed to be hung over the marriage bed.  This piece of artwork was so notorious that it was hidden for half a century.  This painting was different from any other painting of its era.

He stayed close to Lorenzo and was one of the friends who was at his death bed in 1492.  After Lorenzo Medici’s death, Botticelli was overcome with religious passion.  Later, fearing for his own eternal deliverance, he threw some of his paintings into the Bonfires of the Vanities.  Nobody will ever know what pieces of art of the Renaissance period may have been lost forever.

Botticelli never got married and showed a strong dislike at the thought of marriage.  The model that he used for Venus was a married noblewoman named Simonetta Vespucci, whom he loved.  Though alive at the time she was the model for this painting, she died in 1476.  However, he continued to picture her in his other paintings for many years after her death.  Botticelli had made a request that when he died, he would be buried at Vespucci’s feet in the Church of Ognissanti in Florence.  When he past away in 1510, his wish was carried out.

As a painter myself, I can greatly appreciate the amazing detail, shading, colors, lighting, and many other art skills that he has put into his masterpieces.  I found that this piece of art was interesting because I really like Greek Mythology.

Sources:

Wikipedia. “The Birth of Venus (Botticelli)”, February 7, 2010.   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus_%28Botticelli%29 (accessed February 7, 2010).

PBS.  “Sandro Botticelli”.  http://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/renaissance/botticelli.html (accessed February 7, 2010).

Loggia: Exploring the Arts and the Humanities.  “Birth of Venus”, 1997-2008.  http://www.loggia.com/art/renaissance/botticelli02.html (accessed February 7, 2010).

Wikipedia.  “Sandro Botticelli”, February 6, 2010.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli (accessed February 7, 2010).

A Photo of Me as A Project For Someone Else

Me in the Spring of 2009

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